INTRODUCTION:

Lantana wild sage, or L. camara var. aculeata Moldenke, is a low, upright or sub-scandent woody perennial shrub that grows to a height of 0.3 to 1.8 meters or more^1. It has a strong black currant odor and robust, recurved prickles. In addition to horticulturally valuable species, seven or eight species, including L. camara, L. indica, L. veronicifoila, and L. trifolia, have been reported in India. There are three types of L. camara known to exist in India. Mista Bailey, Nivea Bailey, and L. camara var. aculeata Moldenke are the three varieties². The most prevalent of these is L. camara var. aculeata. There are several different kinds of L. camara, some of which are polyploids. L. camara is a polyploid complex with a hybrid origin.³

According to Kumar and Subramaniam (1986), polyploids in India range from 2x to 7x (x = 11). Different populations of L. camara exhibit significant differences in morphological traits, including habit, thorniness, and traits of the leaf, flower, and inflorescence, as well as fruit size⁴. It is quite challenging to distinguish between the types and variants based solely on morphological characteristics. The stems of the majority of them bear recurved prickles⁵. However, they grow less vigorously, set seeds less easily, and become less prickly—or even unarmed—when cultivated. Dwarf varieties have been created to grow as hedges along home borders and in hanging baskets.^6.

In 1807, lantana was first introduced to India as a decorative plant at the National Botanical Garden (Kohli et al., 2006). In the early 1800s, it was used as an ornamental hedge plant in Calcutta (Hakimuddin, 1929). Later, this plant has proliferated throughout the nation's open spaces, including the boundaries of farming fields, railroad lines, and open woodlands. It is now present all over India and has fully naturalized. In Kathgodam, district Nainital, L. camara was first introduced in the NorthwestHimalayan region in 1905 (Hakimuddin, 1929; Hiremath & Sundaram, 2005)⁷. In addition to woodland and barren regions, it has infiltrated over 13.2 million hectares of Indian grazing plains. It is extensively found in tropical and subtropical regions, including India's protected forest areas.^8.

The Reproductive Biology Lantana Camara:

The reproductive biology and phenology of L. camara have been thoroughly studied in the vegetative buds in the last week of March, which peaks in mid-April, and leaves continue to grow until mid-August, with a leaf longevity of approximately 267 days. The mature leaf weighs about 226mg, and its area at fullest expansion measures about 18 cm2 (Bhatt, 1990). Leaf senescence begins in early December, and by the end of February, Lantana bushes lose their leaves⁹. Some phenological traits that demonstrate the shrub's affinity for the tropics include rapid shoot growth (up to 20cm annually), a long leafing period (5–6 months), and the display of flowers and fruits for the majority of the growing season.

Due to the significant amount of foliage and reproductive parts produced by this opportunistic growth pattern, L. camara is able to take full advantage of the ecological niche during the warm, rainy season (Negi, 1989).¹⁰

Umbels, or clusters of fragrant lantana flowers, can be red, orange, yellow, blue, or white. As the blooms grow, they usually change color, producing two- to three-colored inflorescence. L. camara is often referred to as "Ham'n Eggs" because of the nearby pink and yellow inflorescences. The tiny, five-lobed blooms of L. camara are grouped in dense, umbel-like clusters that are tubular, sweet-smelling, and have flat, spherical heads that are roughly 5cm across.¹¹

Fig. No. 1: Lantana Camara

Scientific Classification of Lantana Camera

Table No.01 Scientific Classification of Lantana Camera¹²

Rank	Classification
Kingdom	Plantae
Clade	Angiosperms
Clade	Eudicots
Clade	Clade
Order	Lamiales
Family	Verbenaceae
Genus	Lantana
Species	Lantana camara L.

Morphology:

Table No. 2: Morphology Of L.Camara¹³

Size	Perennial shrub grow up to 6 meter tall
Steams	Quadrangular stems that are often armed with pickles
Leaves	Oppositely arranged on stem, Oval/ broadly lance shaped, Rough to touch, yellow green to green color
Flowers	Small, multi-colored arranged in dense, flat-topped clusters Color- Flowers can be yellow, orange, white, pale violet, pink, red Smell- tutti-frutti smell with peppery undertone
Fruits	Size- Round, Fleshy, two-seeded drupe that is about 5mm wide Color- Green when unripe and turns purple then black blue
Thrones	Size- Round, Fleshy, two-seeded drupe that is about 5mm wide Color- Green when unripe and turns purple then black blue

Fig No.2 Flowera of L.Camara

Fig No. 3: Leaves of L.camara

Fig No. 4: Fruits of L,camara

Fig No. 5: Whole plant of L. camara

Pharmacological Activity of Lantana Camara:

Antiinflamentory Properties.

When the open field method was used to demonstrate the sedative properties of L. trifolia L. extracts, all animals experienced a reduction in walked squares one hour after the ethanolic and ethyl acetate extracts were administered. The pattern and intensity of the sedative effects were similar at 1 and 10mg/kg used the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema paradigm to examine the anti-inflammatory properties of oleanonic acid that was extracted from L. camara L. Oleanonic acid's in vivo anti-inflammatory activity was confirmed by the decrease in edema it produced.

The anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic qualities of the methanolic extract of L. trifolia L. aerial parts were assessed. At dosages ranging from 10 to 300 mg/kg, the extract inhibited the edema caused by carrageenan in the rat paw⁽¹⁴⁾. Rats that were put through the hot plate test, a test for thermal pain that identifies analgesia by highly effective drugs, showed a slight but substantial increase in reaction latency as a result of the extract¹⁵.

The cotton pellet antiinflammatory bioassay approach was used to examine the anti-inflammatory qualities of the entire plant and ethanolic extracts of fresh leaves of L. camara L. Phosphatase and transaminase activities were inactivated and adenosine triphosphatase activity in plasma and exudates was stimulated when the extracts were administered to the inflamed rats¹⁶.

Fig No.6 Pharmacological Activity of L.Camara

Anti Bacterial Activity:

The antibacterial activity of several lantana species has been extensively assessed in numerous publications¹⁷. According to one investigation, an ethanolic extract of L. montevidensis Briq. leaves shown inhibitory action against multiresistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus (MIC 128 µg/mL) and Escherichia coli (MIC 16 µg/mL) using the microdilution test¹⁸. With MIC values ranging from 0.39 mg/mL to 6.3 mg/mL, an analysis of acetone extracts of L. camara L. and L. rugosa Thunb. leaves revealed growth-inhibitory effects against two Gram-negative (E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and two Gram-positive (Enterococcus faecalis and S. aureus) bacteria.

Anticancer/Antiproliferative Activity: An ethanolic extract of L. camara leaves showed strong antioxidant activity and cytotoxic effects against MCF‑7 (a breast cancer cell line). The effect was dose‑dependent via an MTT assay¹⁹.

A study using methanolic leaf extract evaluated anticancer activity via HPTLC profiling. The IC₅₀ (concentration for 50% inhibition) was ~40.30 µg/mL (for the L. camara extract) vs ~2.06 µg/mL for Cisplatin (a standard chemotherapy drug). The study also detected ~12 flavonoids when compared to catechin standards²⁰.

Volatile compounds in L. camara flowers have been shown to have selective anticancer (antiproliferative) effects on breast cancer cell lines (MCF‑7 and MDA‑MB‑231) while being less harmful to a normal breast cell line (MCF‑10A). The activity is attributed to compounds such as bicyclogermacrene and epi‑bicyclosesquiphellandrene.

Methanolic extracts from various parts (roots, flowers, leaves) of L. camara show anti‑leukemia activity (on AML cell lines MOLM‑13 and MV4‑11), with IC₅₀ values for root extracts around 9‑13 µg/mL in those studies. There is also a study where β‑sitosterol isolated from L. camara leaves showed cytotoxicity against T47D (breast cancer) and HeLa (cervical cancer) cell lines. The study combined in vitro MTT assays with molecular docking to support its findings²¹.

Antidiabetic and Hepatoprotective Hepatoprotective ‑Antioxidant Activities:

A pharmacognostic study of L. camara var. aculeate leaves in alloxan‑induced diabetic rats: treatment with methanol extract (400 mg/kg) significantly decreased blood glucose, normalized body weight, and improved lipid profile (decreased triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL, VLDL; increased HDL) ‒ indicating anti‑hyperglycemic activity and anti‑hyperlipidemic effects.

In another study, ethanol leaf extract of L. camara significantly reduced fasting blood glucose and improved kidney function indices (lowered creatinine, urea, uric acid) in alloxan‑induced diabetic albino Wistar rats, compared to untreated diabetic controls. Body weight also improved.

Regarding hepatoprotection, one work described flower extracts of L. camara giving dose‑dependent protective effects in rats exposed to an acetaminophen (APAP) overdose. Parameters like serum ALT, AST, ALP, albumin, bilirubin, and total protein were improved. Histopathology of the liver indicated amelioration of damage²².

Another study isolated flavone glycosides (one being a novel digalacturonide flavone) from flower extract; it had antioxidant activity (DPPH free radical scavenging, IC₅₀ ~ 27.2µM) and helped lower elevated liver enzymes in mice with acetaminophen‑induced liver damage

Anthelmintic, Antimalarial/Antiparasitic Activity:

The ethanolic extract of L. camara flowers was shown to have significant anthelmintic activity (against Pheritima posthuma earthworms) at a dose of 500mg/mL, compared to standard drug albendazole (20mg/mL). The time to paralysis and death of worms was determined²³.

In Western India, a comparative in vitro study of L. camara (leaves, stems, roots) showed anthelmintic activities against Pheritima posthuma, similar to / in comparison with Mentha piperita. Different parts had different efficacies²⁴.

L. camara leaf extracts have been tested for anti‑trypanosomal effects (i.e. parasitic protozoa) in albino rats challenged with Trypanosoma brucei. Different extracts (aqueous, n‑hexane, ethyl acetate, methanolic) were used. The extracts cleared parasites and moderated the disease‑induced rise in liver enzymes and other toxicity indices²⁵.

Antimicrobial Activity:

The methanol extract of L. camara leaves showed strong antibacterial activity, particularly against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as well as antifungal effects against Aspergillus fumigatus and A. flavus²⁶.

Phytochemical analysis supports the presence of phenolics, flavonoids, etc., which are likely contributing to antimicrobial action.²⁷

Anti‑inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Other General Effects:

Many studies report antioxidant activities of leaves, flowers, or nonpolar fractions, measured via DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, etc. For example, nonpolar fraction of methanolic leaf extract showed strong scavenging in DPPH and FRAP assays; several compounds were identified, like quercetin‑3‑O‑glycoside, ursolic acid, etc Comparative profiling of L. camara and L. montevidensis showed inhibition of free radicals (DPPH, ABTS, superoxide anion) and anti‑inflammatory potential (e.g., inhibition of elastase release in induced human neutrophils) in very low µg/mL IC₅₀ ranges.

Anti‑aging effects were observed in Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) when fed with ethanolic leaf extract; these flies had increased survival rates and longer lifespan compared to control. This suggests possible conserved mechanisms that might translate towards mammalian/human systems, though that needs more study.

Essential Oil:

In addition to this, the plant is well-known for being an excellent and easily accessible source for the extraction of essential oils that are identified as Lantana oils. Significant biological benefits, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties, have been shown for these essential oils that are extracted from L. camara from a variety of locales

Therapeutics Uses of Lantana Camara:

1. Antimicrobial Activity: Extracts from leaves, flowers, and roots show strong antibacterial and antifungal properties.Effective against pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, and Candida albicans^28.

2. Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Effects: Leaf poultices and decoctions are traditionally used to reduce swelling and pain. Scientific studies confirm its ability to inhibit inflammatory mediators, making it useful for arthritis, joint pain, and insect bites.

3. Antipyretic (Fever-Reducing) Properties: Used in traditional medicine to lower fever through teas or decoctions made from leaves and flowers.^29.

4. Respiratory Relief: Leaf infusions are used to treat asthma, bronchitis, coughs, and chest congestion.Acts as an expectorant, helping to clear mucus from the airways.

5. Wound Healing: Topical application of crushed leaves or extracts promotes wound contraction and skin regeneration.Helps treat ulcers, burns, and skin infections.

6. Anticancer Potential: Contains triterpenoids and flavonoids with cytotoxic effects on cancer cells.Research is ongoing to validate its role in cancer therapy³⁰.

7. Antidiabetic and Hepatoprotective Effects: Some studies suggest that L. camara may help regulate blood sugar and protect liver function, though clinical trials are limited.

8. Antimalarial and Anthelmintic Activity: Traditionally used to treat malaria and parasitic infections.Shows promise in laboratory studies against Plasmodium and intestinal worms.³¹

Safety and Toxicity / Adverse Effects:

1. One acute toxicity and cytotoxicity study of methanolic leaf extract: at a very high single oral dose (2 g/kg body weight) in mice, no obvious acute toxicity in general, but female mice lost body weight; males lost some organ mass (heart, kidney).^32.

2. Liver function tests showed elevation in total bilirubin (TBIL) and ALT in females; so there is some risk depending on dose and sex. Also cytotoxicity to Vero cell line was observed, though much lower than positive control (Triton X‑100).^33.

3. A study assessed hepatotoxicity / lipid peroxidation by giving L. camara leaf powder to female Wistar rats. Marked increases in liver enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP) in serum and liver tissues were observed, showing impairment of liver function.

4. Immunosuppressive effects: One study used juice of L. camara leaves in rats; at higher doses (600‑1500 mg/kg/day) for 14 days, there was a decrease in total protein, globulins, absolute and percentage lymphocyte counts. Also some hypoglycemic effect at high dose. Adrenal weights increased³⁴.

5. Some risk to hematological parameters.

Future Research Directions:

· Dose dependence, dosage standardization: Many studies show activity at fairly high doses (mg/kg) or using extracts without clear standardization of active constituents. More work needed to isolate, purify, and standardize compounds responsible for effects³⁵.

· Mechanisms of action: For many observed effects (anticancer, antidiabetic, antimicrobial), the exact molecular pathways are not well elucidated. For example, which signaling pathways in cancer are modulated? Which enzymes or receptors are involved in glucose regulation.³⁶

· In vivo confirmation and safety: While in vitro studies (cell lines, worms, etc.) are abundant, more in vivo studies (animal models, longer term, with different varieties or polyploid types of L. camara) are needed. Also toxicity with chronic use needs more data.

· Variation by variety / geographic origin / polyploid status: Since L. camara has polyploidy and different varieties (e.g. var. aculeata vs others) with morphological variation, it’s quite possible that chemical composition and hence biological activity vary among populations. Comparative studies among varieties/geographical sources would strengthen conclusions.

· Safety for use in traditional medicine: Given some toxicity in liver, immune, and other systems, studies need to determine safe therapeutic windows, interaction with other drugs, etc.³⁷

· Clinical trials / human studies: Very few to none (to my knowledge) human clinical trials. Without these, applications remain preliminary or experimentally promising.³⁸

· Formulation and bioavailability: Some studies mention formulations (gels, ointments etc.), but more needs to be done on improving delivery, absorption, stability, etc., especially for systemic effects like antidiabetic or anticancer.³⁹

CONCLUSION:

Its diverse bioactive compounds contribute to a wide range of therapeutic effects, supported by various pharmaceutical formulations. However, potential toxicity, particularly hepatotoxicity and immunosuppression, calls for cautious use and further safety evaluation. Variations among different varieties and polyploid types highlight the need for standardization and detailed phytochemical studies. Future research should focus on mechanisms of action, dosage optimization, and clinical validation to fully harness its medicinal potential. Lantana camara var. aculeata is a versatile medicinal plant with significant antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antioxidant properties.

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Received on 11.10.2025 Revised on 18.11.2025

Accepted on 19.12.2025 Published on 22.01.2026

Available online from January 29, 2026

Asian J. Pharm. Res. 2026; 16(1):90-96.

DOI: 10.52711/2231-5691.2026.00012

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Creative Commons License.

Formulation Type	Plant part Used	Base / vehicle	Preparation Method /Key Notes
Nanogel With AgNPs	Ethanolic Leaf Extract	Carbopol-Based gel	Green synthesis of AgNPs; incorporated into five Batches nanogel; optimized batched with good Physiochemical and release properties
Oil-based Ointment (flower water distillate)	Flower water distillate (essential oil / distillate)	Ointment base (oil-based)	Ointment base (oil-based) 5% & 10% w/w ointment prepared; evaluated in excision and incision wound models in rats
Herbal Gel	Leaf extract of L. camara	Carbopol 940, propylene glycol, parabens, water	Gel formulation; pH adjusted with triethanolamine; evaluated for physicochemical properties and antimicrobial activity (against e.g. Staph. aureus, S. epidermidis).
Emulgel	Leaf extract	Gelling agents like Carbopol 934, Na CMC, HPMC, HEC etc.	Emulgel formulations compared using different gelling agents; evaluated likely for spreadability, release etc
Transdermal Patch	Leaf ethanolic extract	Polymers: Ethyl Cellulose (EC) + Poly Vinyl Pyrrolidone (PVP)	Patches formulated for transdermal delivery; variation of polymer ratios; evaluated for performance (adhesion, release etc.).